Github 项目 - OpenPose 参数说明

Author： AIHGF
发布时间：November 30, 2018
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Categories：姿态估计 Github项目

OpenPose 作为强大的关键点估计项目，其提供了很多可配置参数选项.

完整参数列表可运行：

# buntu
cd OPENPOSE_ROOT/
./build/examples/openpose/openpose.bin --help

OpenPose 运行，如：

# Ubuntu: Body + Hand + Face
./build/examples/openpose/openpose.bin 
            -image_dir /path/to/images/ 
            --num_gpu_start 1 
            --display 2 
            --fullscreen 
            --write_images /path/to/res_images/
            --net_resolution "1312x736" 
            --scale_number 4 
            --scale_gap 0.25 
            --hand 
            --hand_scale_number 6 
            --hand_scale_range 0.4 
            --face

# Ubuntu: Body
./build/examples/openpose/openpose.bin 
            --image_dir /path/to/images/ 
            --num_gpu_start 1 
            --display 2 
            --fullscreen 
            --write_images /path/to/res_images/

1. 部分关键参数

Main Flags

--face: 开启 Face 关键点检测.
--hand: 开启 Hand 关键点检测
--video input.mp4: 读取 Video.
--camera 3: 读取 webcam number 3.
--image_dir path_to_images/: 运行图像路径内的图片.
--ip_camera http://iris.not.iac.es/axis-cgi/mjpg/video.cgi?resolution=320x240?x.mjpeg: 在 streamed IP camera 上运行. 参考public IP cameras 例子.
--write_video path.avi: 将处理后的图片保存为 Video.
--write_images folder_path: 将处理后的图片保存到指定路径.
--write_keypoint path/: 在指定路径输出包含人体姿态数据的 JSON, XML 或 YML 文件.
--process_real_time: 对于视频，可能在实时运行时，跳过某些视频帧.
--disable_blending: 如果 --disable_blending=True，则在很色背景上渲染估计结果(如 keypoints skeletons 和 heatmaps)，而不显示原始图像. Related: part_to_show, alpha_pose, and alpha_pose.
--part_to_show: 可视化的预测通道(Prediction channel).
--display 0: 不打开可视化显示窗口. 对于服务器部署和 OpenPose 加速很帮助.
--num_gpu 2 --num_gpu_start 1: 多 GPUs 时，设置开始的 GPU id. 默认使用所有可用的 GPUs.
--model_pose MPI: 采用的模型Model，影响 Keypoints 的数量、运行速度和精度.
--logging_level 3: Logging messages threshold, range [0,255]: 0 - 输出所有信息e & 255 - 不输出任何信息. Current messages in the range [1-4], 1 for low priority messages and 4 for important ones.

2. 参数说明

Flags Description

每个 Flag 包括 flag_name, default value 和 description.

2.1 Debugging/Other

DEFINE_int32(logging_level, 3, "The logging level. Integer in the range [0, 255]. 0 will output any log() message, while 255 will not output any. Current OpenPose library messages are in the range 0-4: 1 for low priority messages and 4 for important ones."); 日志输出信息
DEFINE_bool(disable_multi_thread, false, "It would slightly reduce the frame rate in order to highly reduce the lag. Mainly useful for 1) Cases where it is needed a low latency (e.g., webcam in real-time scenarios with low-range GPU devices); and 2) Debugging OpenPose when it is crashing to locate the error."); 多线程
DEFINE_int32(profile_speed, 1000, "If PROFILER_ENABLED was set in CMake or Makefile.config files, OpenPose will show some runtime statistics at this frame number.");

2.2 Producer

DEFINE_int32(camera, -1, "The camera index for cv::VideoCapture. Integer in the range [0, 9]. Select a negative number (by default), to auto-detect and open the first available camera."); 相机作为输入
DEFINE_string(camera_resolution, "-1x-1", "Set the camera resolution (either --camera or --flir_camera). -1x-1 will use the default 1280x720 for --camera, or the maximum flir camera resolution available for --flir_camera"); 相机分辨率
DEFINE_string(video, "", "Use a video file instead of the camera. Use examples/media/video.avi for our default example video."); Video 作为输入，而不采用相机
DEFINE_string(image_dir, "", "Process a directory of images. Use examples/media/ for our default example folder with 20 images. Read all standard formats (jpg, png, bmp, etc.)."); 待处理图像的路径
DEFINE_bool(flir_camera, false, "Whether to use FLIR (Point-Grey) stereo camera."); 是否使用 FLIR 相机
DEFINE_int32(flir_camera_index, -1, "Select -1 (default) to run on all detected flir cameras at once. Otherwise, select the flir camera index to run, where 0 corresponds to the detected flir camera with the lowest serial number, and n to the n-th lowest serial number camera."); 可用作为输入的 FLIR 相机
DEFINE_string(ip_camera, "", "String with the IP camera URL. It supports protocols like RTSP and HTTP."); IP 相机 URL
DEFINE_uint64(frame_first, 0, "Start on desired frame number. Indexes are 0-based, i.e., the first frame has index 0."); 指定开始运行的帧索引
DEFINE_uint64(frame_step, 1, "Step or gap between processed frames. E.g., --frame_step 5 would read and process frames 0, 5, 10, etc.."); 跳过处理的帧数
DEFINE_uint64(frame_last, -1, "Finish on desired frame number. Select -1 to disable. Indexes are 0-based, e.g., if set to 10, it will process 11 frames (0-10)."); 指定结束运行的帧索引
DEFINE_bool(frame_flip, false, "Flip/mirror each frame (e.g., for real time webcam demonstrations)."); 每一帧进行 Flip/Mirror 处理
DEFINE_int32(frame_rotate, 0, "Rotate each frame, 4 possible values: 0, 90, 180, 270."); 每一帧进行旋转 rotate 处理
DEFINE_bool(frames_repeat, false, "Repeat frames when finished."); 结束时重复帧
DEFINE_bool(process_real_time, false, "Enable to keep the original source frame rate (e.g., for video). If the processing time is too long, it will skip frames. If it is too fast, it will slow it down."); 实时处理
DEFINE_string(camera_parameter_folder, "models/cameraParameters/flir/", "String with the folder where the camera parameters are located."); 相机参数所在路径
DEFINE_bool(frame_keep_distortion, false, "If false (default), it will undistortionate the image based on the camera_parameter_folder camera parameters; if true, it will not undistortionate, i.e., it will leave it as it is."); 每一帧是否扭曲 distortion 处理

2.3 OpenPose

DEFINE_string(model_folder, "models/", "Folder path (absolute or relative) where the models (pose, face, ...) are located."); 模型放置路径
DEFINE_string(output_resolution, "-1x-1", "The image resolution (display and output). Use "-1x-1" to force the program to use the input image resolution."); 输出图像分辨率
DEFINE_int32(num_gpu, -1, "The number of GPU devices to use. If negative, it will use all the available GPUs in your machine."); 使用的 GPU 设置
DEFINE_int32(num_gpu_start, 0, "GPU device start number."); GPU ID 设置
DEFINE_int32(keypoint_scale, 0, "Scaling of the (x,y) coordinates of the final pose data array, i.e., the scale of the (x,y) coordinates that will be saved with the write_json & write_keypoint flags. Select 0 to scale it to the original source resolution; 1to scale it to the net output size (set with net_resolution); 2 to scale it to the final output size (set with resolution); 3 to scale it in the range [0,1], where (0,0) would be the top-left corner of the image, and (1,1) the bottom-right one; and 4 for range [-1,1], where (-1,-1) would be the top-left corner of the image, and (1,1) the bottom-right one. Non related with scale_number and scale_gap."); Keypoints 缩放尺度scale
DEFINE_int32(number_people_max, -1, "This parameter will limit the maximum number of people detected, by keeping the people with top scores. The score is based in person area over the image, body part score, as well as joint score (between each pair of connected body parts). Useful if you know the exact number of people in the scene, so it can remove false positives (if all the people have been detected. However, it might also include false negatives by removing very small or highly occluded people. -1 will keep them all."); 检测到的人体数量
DEFINE_bool(maximize_positives, false,"It reduces the thresholds to accept a person candidate. It highly increases both false and true positives. I.e., it maximizes average recall but could harm average precision."); 最大正样本设置，降低作为人体候选的阈值，能够最大化平均 Recall，但会降低平均 Precision
DEFINE_double(fps_max, -1., "Maximum processing frame rate. By default (-1), OpenPose will process frames as fast as possible. Example usage: If OpenPose is displaying images too quickly, this can reduce the speed so the user can analyze better each frame from the GUI."); 最大处理的帧速率

2.4 OpenPose Body Pose

DEFINE_bool(body_disable, false, "Disable body keypoint detection. Option only possible for faster (but less accurate) face keypoint detection."); 是否检测 Body 关键点
DEFINE_string(model_pose, "BODY_25", "Model to be used. E.g., COCO (18 keypoints), MPI (15 keypoints, ~10% faster), MPI_4_layers (15 keypoints, even faster but less accurate)."); 采用的 Body 模型，如 Body_25
DEFINE_string(net_resolution, "-1x368", "Multiples of 16. If it is increased, the accuracy potentially increases. If it is decreased, the speed increases. For maximum speed-accuracy balance, it should keep the closest aspect ratio possible to the images or videos to be processed. Using -1 in any of the dimensions, OP will choose the optimal aspect ratio depending on the user's input value. E.g., the default -1x368 is equivalent to 656x368 in 16:9 resolutions, e.g., full HD (1980x1080) and HD (1280x720) resolutions."); 模型网络的输入分辨率，16的倍数
DEFINE_int32(scale_number, 1, "Number of scales to average."); 多尺度Scales 数
DEFINE_double(scale_gap, 0.3, "Scale gap between scales. No effect unless scale_number > 1. Initial scale is always 1. If you want to change the initial scale, you actually want to multiply the net_resolution by your desired initial scale."); 尺度Scales 间的 scale gap

2.5 OpenPose Body Pose Heatmaps and Part Candidates

DEFINE_bool(heatmaps_add_parts, false, "If true, it will fill op::Datum::poseHeatMaps array with the body part heatmaps, and analogously face & hand heatmaps to op::Datum::faceHeatMaps & op::Datum::handHeatMaps. If more than one add_heatmaps_X flag is enabled, it will place then in sequential memory order: body parts + bkg + PAFs. It will follow the order on POSE_BODY_PART_MAPPING in src/openpose/pose/poseParameters.cpp. Program speed will considerably decrease. Not required for OpenPose, enable it only if you intend to explicitly use this information later."); 是否添加 Body Parts 的 heatmaps
DEFINE_bool(heatmaps_add_bkg, false, "Same functionality as add_heatmaps_parts, but adding the heatmap corresponding to background."); 是否添加 BKG 的 heatmaps
DEFINE_bool(heatmaps_add_PAFs, false, "Same functionality as add_heatmaps_parts, but adding the PAFs."); 是否添加 PAFs 的 heatmaps
DEFINE_int32(heatmaps_scale, 2, "Set 0 to scale op::Datum::poseHeatMaps in the range [-1,1], 1 for [0,1]; 2 for integer rounded [0,255]; and 3 for no scaling."); heatmaps scale
DEFINE_bool(part_candidates, false, "Also enable write_json in order to save this information. If true, it will fill the op::Datum::poseCandidates array with the body part candidates. Candidates refer to all the detected body parts, before being assembled into people. Note that the number of candidates is equal or higher than the number of final body parts (i.e., after being assembled into people). The empty body parts are filled with 0s. Program speed will slightly decrease. Not required for OpenPose, enable it only if you intend to explicitly use this information."); 是否保存 Body Part Candidates

2.6 OpenPose Face

DEFINE_bool(face, false, "Enables face keypoint detection. It will share some parameters from the body pose, e.g. model_folder. Note that this will considerable slow down the performance and increse the required GPU memory. In addition, the greater number of people on the image, the slower OpenPose will be."); 是否进行 Face 关键点检测
DEFINE_string(face_net_resolution, "368x368", "Multiples of 16 and squared. Analogous to net_resolution but applied to the face keypoint detector. 320x320 usually works fine while giving a substantial speed up when multiple faces on the image."); Face 模型网络的输入分辨率

2.7 OpenPose Hand

DEFINE_bool(hand, false, "Enables hand keypoint detection. It will share some parameters from the body pose, e.g. model_folder. Analogously to --face, it will also slow down the performance, increase the required GPU memory and its speed depends on the number of people."); 是否进行 Hand 关键点检测
DEFINE_string(hand_net_resolution, "368x368", "Multiples of 16 and squared. Analogous to net_resolution but applied to the hand keypoint detector."); Hand 模型的网络输入分辨率
DEFINE_int32(hand_scale_number, 1, "Analogous to scale_number but applied to the hand keypoint detector. Our best results were found with hand_scale_number = 6 and hand_scale_range = 0.4."); 类似于 scale_number 参数，但只用于 Hand 关键点检测
DEFINE_double(hand_scale_range, 0.4, "Analogous purpose than scale_gap but applied to the hand keypoint detector. Total range between smallest and biggest scale. The scales will be centered in ratio 1. E.g., if scaleRange = 0.4 and scalesNumber = 2, then there will be 2 scales, 0.8 and 1.2."); 类似于 scale_gap 参数，但只用于 Hand 关键点检测
DEFINE_bool(hand_tracking, false, "Adding hand tracking might improve hand keypoints detection for webcam (if the frame rate is high enough, i.e., >7 FPS per GPU) and video. This is not person ID tracking, it simply looks for hands in positions at which hands were located in previous frames, but it does not guarantee the same person ID among frames."); Hand 追踪Tracking

2.8 OpenPose 3-D Reconstruction

DEFINE_bool(3d, false, "Running OpenPose 3-D reconstruction demo: 1) Reading from a stereo camera system. 2) Performing 3-D reconstruction from the multiple views. 3) Displaying 3-D reconstruction results. Note that it will only display 1 person. If multiple people is present, it will fail."); 是否进行 3D 重建Reconstruction
DEFINE_int32(3d_min_views, -1, "Minimum number of views required to reconstruct each keypoint. By default (-1), it will require all the cameras to see the keypoint in order to reconstruct it."); 重构每个关键点所需的最小视角Views 数
DEFINE_int32(3d_views, 1, "Complementary option to --image_dir or --video. OpenPose will read as many images per iteration, allowing tasks such as stereo camera processing (--3d). Note that --camera_parameters_folder must be set. OpenPose must find as many xml files in the parameter folder as this number indicates."); 3D 视角Videos

2.9 Extra algorithms

DEFINE_bool(identification, false, "Experimental, not available yet. Whether to enable people identification across frames."); 是否跨帧 Person Identification(暂不可用)
DEFINE_int32(tracking, -1, "Experimental, not available yet. Whether to enable people tracking across frames. The value indicates the number of frames where tracking is run between each OpenPose keypoint detection. Select -1 (default) to disable it or 0 to run simultaneously OpenPose keypoint detector and tracking for potentially higher accurary than only OpenPose."); 是否跨帧 Person Tracking(暂不可用)
DEFINE_int32(ik_threads, 0, "Experimental, not available yet. Whether to enable inverse kinematics (IK) from 3-D keypoints to obtain 3-D joint angles. By default (0 threads), it is disabled. Increasing the number of threads will increase the speed but also the global system latency."); 是否可以 inverse kinematics (暂不可用)

2.10 OpenPose Rendering

DEFINE_int32(part_to_show, 0, "Prediction channel to visualize (default: 0). 0 for all the body parts, 1-18 for each body part heat map, 19 for the background heat map, 20 for all the body part heat maps together, 21 for all the PAFs, 22-40 for each body part pair PAF."); 可视化显示的 Body Parts
DEFINE_bool(disable_blending, false, "If enabled, it will render the results (keypoint skeletons or heatmaps) on a black background, instead of being rendered into the original image. Related: part_to_show, alpha_pose, and alpha_pose."); 是否渲染可视化输出结果

2.11 OpenPose Rendering Pose

DEFINE_double(render_threshold, 0.05, "Only estimated keypoints whose score confidences are higher than this threshold will be rendered. Generally, a high threshold (> 0.5) will only render very clear body parts; while small thresholds (~0.1) will also output guessed and occluded keypoints, but also more false positives (i.e., wrong detections)."); 渲染阈值，只有估计关键的置信度大于阈值的才进行渲染
DEFINE_int32(render_pose, -1, "Set to 0 for no rendering, 1 for CPU rendering (slightly faster), and 2 for GPU rendering (slower but greater functionality, e.g., alpha_X flags). If -1, it will pick CPU if CPU_ONLY is enabled, or GPU if CUDA is enabled. If rendering is enabled, it will render both outputData and cvOutputData with the original image and desired body part to be shown (i.e., keypoints, heat maps or PAFs)."); 渲染姿态，0 - no rendering, 1 - CPU rendering，2 - GPU rendering
DEFINE_double(alpha_pose, 0.6, "Blending factor (range 0-1) for the body part rendering. 1 will show it completely, 0 will hide it. Only valid for GPU rendering."); Body Part rendering 的渲染因子, 只可用于 GPU rendering
DEFINE_double(alpha_heatmap, 0.7, "Blending factor (range 0-1) between heatmap and original frame. 1 will only show the heatmap, 0 will only show the frame. Only valid for GPU rendering."); heatmaps 和原始帧图像的渲染因子， GPU rendering

2.12 OpenPose Rendering Face

DEFINE_double(face_render_threshold, 0.4, "Analogous to render_threshold, but applied to the face keypoints."); 类似于 render_threshold，但用于 Face 关键点
DEFINE_int32(face_render, -1, "Analogous to render_pose but applied to the face. Extra option: -1 to use the same configuration that render_pose is using."); 类似于 render_pose，但用于 Face 关键点
DEFINE_double(face_alpha_pose, 0.6, "Analogous to alpha_pose but applied to face."); 类似于 alpha_pose，但用于 Face 关键点
DEFINE_double(face_alpha_heatmap, 0.7, "Analogous to alpha_heatmap but applied to face."); 类似于 alpha_heatmap，但用于 Face 关键点

2.13 OpenPose Rendering Hand

DEFINE_double(hand_render_threshold, 0.2, "Analogous to render_threshold, but applied to the hand keypoints."); 类似于 render_threshold，但用于 Hand 关键点
DEFINE_int32(hand_render, -1, "Analogous to render_pose but applied to the hand. Extra option: -1 to use the same configuration that render_pose is using."); 类似于 render_pose，但用于 Hand 关键点
DEFINE_double(hand_alpha_pose, 0.6, "Analogous to alpha_pose but applied to hand."); 类似于 alpha_pose，但用于 Hand 关键点**
DEFINE_double(hand_alpha_heatmap, 0.7, "Analogous to alpha_heatmap but applied to hand."); 类似于 alpha_heatmap，但用于 Hand 关键点

2.14 Display

DEFINE_bool(fullscreen, false, "Run in full-screen mode (press f during runtime to toggle)."); 是否全屏显示
DEFINE_bool(no_gui_verbose, false, "Do not write text on output images on GUI (e.g., number of current frame and people). It does not affect the pose rendering."); 是否在 GUI 输出图像上写入文本
DEFINE_int32(display, -1, "Display mode: -1 for automatic selection; 0 for no display (useful if there is no X server and/or to slightly speed up the processing if visual output is not required); 2 for 2-D display; 3 for 3-D display (if --3d enabled); and 1 for both 2-D and 3-D display."); 显示模式，-1 - 自动选择，0 - 不显示，2 - 2D 显示，3 - 3D 显示， 1 - 2D 和 3D 显示

2.15 Command Line Inteface Verbose

DEFINE_double(cli_verbose, -1.f, "If -1, it will be disabled (default). If it is a positive integer number, it will print on the command line every verbose frames. If number in the range (0,1), it will print the progress every verbose times the total of frames.");

2.16 Result Saving

DEFINE_string(write_images, "", "Directory to write rendered frames in write_images_format image format."); 渲染图像帧的保存路径
DEFINE_string(write_images_format, "png", "File extension and format for write_images, e.g., png, jpg or bmp. Check the OpenCV function cv::imwrite for all compatible extensions."); 渲染图像帧的保存格式
DEFINE_string(write_video, "", "Full file path to write rendered frames in motion JPEG video format. It might fail if the final path does not finish in .avi. It internally uses cv::VideoWriter. Flag write_video_fps controls FPS."); 渲染帧的写入 JPEG video 格式的完整文件路径
DEFINE_double(write_video_fps, -1., "Frame rate for the recorded video. By default, it will try to get the input frames producer frame rate (e.g., input video or webcam frame rate). If the input frames producer does not have a set FPS (e.g., image_dir or webcam if OpenCV not compiled with its support), set this value accordingly (e.g., to the frame rate displayed by the OpenPose GUI)."); Video 帧记录的帧速率
DEFINE_string(write_json, "", "Directory to write OpenPose output in JSON format. It includes body, hand, and face pose keypoints (2-D and 3-D), as well as pose candidates (if --part_candidates enabled)."); 输出结果保存为 JSON 格式文件的路径
DEFINE_string(write_coco_json, "", "Full file path to write people pose data with JSON COCO validation format."); 以 COCO Validation 的 JSON 格式保存 people pose 数据的完整文件路径
DEFINE_string(write_coco_foot_json, "", "Full file path to write people foot pose data with JSON COCO validation format."); 以 COCO Validation 的 JSON 格式保存 people foot pose 数据的完整文件路径
DEFINE_int32(write_coco_json_variant, 0, "Currently, this option is experimental and only makes effect on car JSON generation. It selects the COCO variant for cocoJsonSaver."); cocoJsonSaver 的 COCO 变形
DEFINE_string(write_heatmaps, "", "Directory to write body pose heatmaps in PNG format. At least 1 add_heatmaps_X flag must be enabled."); Body Pose Heatmaps 写入为 PNG 格式的保存路径
DEFINE_string(write_heatmaps_format, "png", "File extension and format for write_heatmaps, analogous to write_images_format. For lossless compression, recommended png for integer heatmaps_scale and float for floating values."); 保存 heatmaps 结果的文件格式
DEFINE_string(write_keypoint, "", "(Deprecated, use write_json) Directory to write the people pose keypoint data. Set format with write_keypoint_format."); [已废弃]
DEFINE_string(write_keypoint_format, "yml", "(Deprecated, use write_json) File extension and format for write_keypoint: json, xml, yaml & yml. Json not available for OpenCV < 3.0, use write_json instead."); [已废弃]

2.17 Result Saving - Extra Algorithms

DEFINE_string(write_video_adam, "", "Experimental, not available yet. E.g., ~/Desktop/adamResult.avi. Flag write_video_fps controls FPS.");
DEFINE_string(write_bvh, "", "Experimental, not available yet. E.g., ~/Desktop/mocapResult.bvh.");

2.18 UDP Communication

DEFINE_string(udp_host, "", "Experimental, not available yet. IP for UDP communication. E.g., 192.168.0.1.");
DEFINE_string(udp_port, "8051", "Experimental, not available yet. Port number for UDP communication.");

Last modification：May 7th, 2019 at 10:15 pm

Github 项目 - OpenPose 参数说明

AIHGF • 2018 年 11 月 30 日

OpenPose 作为强大的关键点估计项目，其提供了很多可配置参数选项.

完整参数列表可运行：

# buntu
cd OPENPOSE_ROOT/
./build/examples/openpose/openpose.bin --help

OpenPose 运行，如：

# Ubuntu: Body + Hand + Face
./build/examples/openpose/openpose.bin 
            -image_dir /path/to/images/ 
            --num_gpu_start 1 
            --display 2 
            --fullscreen 
            --write_images /path/to/res_images/
            --net_resolution "1312x736" 
            --scale_number 4 
            --scale_gap 0.25 
            --hand 
            --hand_scale_number 6 
            --hand_scale_range 0.4 
            --face

# Ubuntu: Body
./build/examples/openpose/openpose.bin 
            --image_dir /path/to/images/ 
            --num_gpu_start 1 
            --display 2 
            --fullscreen 
            --write_images /path/to/res_images/

1. 部分关键参数

Main Flags

--face: 开启 Face 关键点检测.
--hand: 开启 Hand 关键点检测
--video input.mp4: 读取 Video.
--camera 3: 读取 webcam number 3.
--image_dir path_to_images/: 运行图像路径内的图片.
--ip_camera http://iris.not.iac.es/axis-cgi/mjpg/video.cgi?resolution=320x240?x.mjpeg: 在 streamed IP camera 上运行. 参考public IP cameras 例子.
--write_video path.avi: 将处理后的图片保存为 Video.
--write_images folder_path: 将处理后的图片保存到指定路径.
--write_keypoint path/: 在指定路径输出包含人体姿态数据的 JSON, XML 或 YML 文件.
--process_real_time: 对于视频，可能在实时运行时，跳过某些视频帧.
--disable_blending: 如果 --disable_blending=True，则在很色背景上渲染估计结果(如 keypoints skeletons 和 heatmaps)，而不显示原始图像. Related: part_to_show, alpha_pose, and alpha_pose.
--part_to_show: 可视化的预测通道(Prediction channel).
--display 0: 不打开可视化显示窗口. 对于服务器部署和 OpenPose 加速很帮助.
--num_gpu 2 --num_gpu_start 1: 多 GPUs 时，设置开始的 GPU id. 默认使用所有可用的 GPUs.
--model_pose MPI: 采用的模型Model，影响 Keypoints 的数量、运行速度和精度.
--logging_level 3: Logging messages threshold, range [0,255]: 0 - 输出所有信息e & 255 - 不输出任何信息. Current messages in the range [1-4], 1 for low priority messages and 4 for important ones.

2. 参数说明

Flags Description

每个 Flag 包括 flag_name, default value 和 description.

2.1 Debugging/Other

DEFINE_int32(logging_level, 3, "The logging level. Integer in the range [0, 255]. 0 will output any log() message, while 255 will not output any. Current OpenPose library messages are in the range 0-4: 1 for low priority messages and 4 for important ones."); 日志输出信息
DEFINE_bool(disable_multi_thread, false, "It would slightly reduce the frame rate in order to highly reduce the lag. Mainly useful for 1) Cases where it is needed a low latency (e.g., webcam in real-time scenarios with low-range GPU devices); and 2) Debugging OpenPose when it is crashing to locate the error."); 多线程
DEFINE_int32(profile_speed, 1000, "If PROFILER_ENABLED was set in CMake or Makefile.config files, OpenPose will show some runtime statistics at this frame number.");

2.2 Producer

DEFINE_int32(camera, -1, "The camera index for cv::VideoCapture. Integer in the range [0, 9]. Select a negative number (by default), to auto-detect and open the first available camera."); 相机作为输入
DEFINE_string(camera_resolution, "-1x-1", "Set the camera resolution (either --camera or --flir_camera). -1x-1 will use the default 1280x720 for --camera, or the maximum flir camera resolution available for --flir_camera"); 相机分辨率
DEFINE_string(video, "", "Use a video file instead of the camera. Use examples/media/video.avi for our default example video."); Video 作为输入，而不采用相机
DEFINE_string(image_dir, "", "Process a directory of images. Use examples/media/ for our default example folder with 20 images. Read all standard formats (jpg, png, bmp, etc.)."); 待处理图像的路径
DEFINE_bool(flir_camera, false, "Whether to use FLIR (Point-Grey) stereo camera."); 是否使用 FLIR 相机
DEFINE_int32(flir_camera_index, -1, "Select -1 (default) to run on all detected flir cameras at once. Otherwise, select the flir camera index to run, where 0 corresponds to the detected flir camera with the lowest serial number, and n to the n-th lowest serial number camera."); 可用作为输入的 FLIR 相机
DEFINE_string(ip_camera, "", "String with the IP camera URL. It supports protocols like RTSP and HTTP."); IP 相机 URL
DEFINE_uint64(frame_first, 0, "Start on desired frame number. Indexes are 0-based, i.e., the first frame has index 0."); 指定开始运行的帧索引
DEFINE_uint64(frame_step, 1, "Step or gap between processed frames. E.g., --frame_step 5 would read and process frames 0, 5, 10, etc.."); 跳过处理的帧数
DEFINE_uint64(frame_last, -1, "Finish on desired frame number. Select -1 to disable. Indexes are 0-based, e.g., if set to 10, it will process 11 frames (0-10)."); 指定结束运行的帧索引
DEFINE_bool(frame_flip, false, "Flip/mirror each frame (e.g., for real time webcam demonstrations)."); 每一帧进行 Flip/Mirror 处理
DEFINE_int32(frame_rotate, 0, "Rotate each frame, 4 possible values: 0, 90, 180, 270."); 每一帧进行旋转 rotate 处理
DEFINE_bool(frames_repeat, false, "Repeat frames when finished."); 结束时重复帧
DEFINE_bool(process_real_time, false, "Enable to keep the original source frame rate (e.g., for video). If the processing time is too long, it will skip frames. If it is too fast, it will slow it down."); 实时处理
DEFINE_string(camera_parameter_folder, "models/cameraParameters/flir/", "String with the folder where the camera parameters are located."); 相机参数所在路径
DEFINE_bool(frame_keep_distortion, false, "If false (default), it will undistortionate the image based on the camera_parameter_folder camera parameters; if true, it will not undistortionate, i.e., it will leave it as it is."); 每一帧是否扭曲 distortion 处理

2.3 OpenPose

DEFINE_string(model_folder, "models/", "Folder path (absolute or relative) where the models (pose, face, ...) are located."); 模型放置路径
DEFINE_string(output_resolution, "-1x-1", "The image resolution (display and output). Use "-1x-1" to force the program to use the input image resolution."); 输出图像分辨率
DEFINE_int32(num_gpu, -1, "The number of GPU devices to use. If negative, it will use all the available GPUs in your machine."); 使用的 GPU 设置
DEFINE_int32(num_gpu_start, 0, "GPU device start number."); GPU ID 设置
DEFINE_int32(keypoint_scale, 0, "Scaling of the (x,y) coordinates of the final pose data array, i.e., the scale of the (x,y) coordinates that will be saved with the write_json & write_keypoint flags. Select 0 to scale it to the original source resolution; 1to scale it to the net output size (set with net_resolution); 2 to scale it to the final output size (set with resolution); 3 to scale it in the range [0,1], where (0,0) would be the top-left corner of the image, and (1,1) the bottom-right one; and 4 for range [-1,1], where (-1,-1) would be the top-left corner of the image, and (1,1) the bottom-right one. Non related with scale_number and scale_gap."); Keypoints 缩放尺度scale
DEFINE_int32(number_people_max, -1, "This parameter will limit the maximum number of people detected, by keeping the people with top scores. The score is based in person area over the image, body part score, as well as joint score (between each pair of connected body parts). Useful if you know the exact number of people in the scene, so it can remove false positives (if all the people have been detected. However, it might also include false negatives by removing very small or highly occluded people. -1 will keep them all."); 检测到的人体数量
DEFINE_bool(maximize_positives, false,"It reduces the thresholds to accept a person candidate. It highly increases both false and true positives. I.e., it maximizes average recall but could harm average precision."); 最大正样本设置，降低作为人体候选的阈值，能够最大化平均 Recall，但会降低平均 Precision
DEFINE_double(fps_max, -1., "Maximum processing frame rate. By default (-1), OpenPose will process frames as fast as possible. Example usage: If OpenPose is displaying images too quickly, this can reduce the speed so the user can analyze better each frame from the GUI."); 最大处理的帧速率

2.4 OpenPose Body Pose

DEFINE_bool(body_disable, false, "Disable body keypoint detection. Option only possible for faster (but less accurate) face keypoint detection."); 是否检测 Body 关键点
DEFINE_string(model_pose, "BODY_25", "Model to be used. E.g., COCO (18 keypoints), MPI (15 keypoints, ~10% faster), MPI_4_layers (15 keypoints, even faster but less accurate)."); 采用的 Body 模型，如 Body_25
DEFINE_string(net_resolution, "-1x368", "Multiples of 16. If it is increased, the accuracy potentially increases. If it is decreased, the speed increases. For maximum speed-accuracy balance, it should keep the closest aspect ratio possible to the images or videos to be processed. Using -1 in any of the dimensions, OP will choose the optimal aspect ratio depending on the user's input value. E.g., the default -1x368 is equivalent to 656x368 in 16:9 resolutions, e.g., full HD (1980x1080) and HD (1280x720) resolutions."); 模型网络的输入分辨率，16的倍数
DEFINE_int32(scale_number, 1, "Number of scales to average."); 多尺度Scales 数
DEFINE_double(scale_gap, 0.3, "Scale gap between scales. No effect unless scale_number > 1. Initial scale is always 1. If you want to change the initial scale, you actually want to multiply the net_resolution by your desired initial scale."); 尺度Scales 间的 scale gap

2.5 OpenPose Body Pose Heatmaps and Part Candidates

DEFINE_bool(heatmaps_add_parts, false, "If true, it will fill op::Datum::poseHeatMaps array with the body part heatmaps, and analogously face & hand heatmaps to op::Datum::faceHeatMaps & op::Datum::handHeatMaps. If more than one add_heatmaps_X flag is enabled, it will place then in sequential memory order: body parts + bkg + PAFs. It will follow the order on POSE_BODY_PART_MAPPING in src/openpose/pose/poseParameters.cpp. Program speed will considerably decrease. Not required for OpenPose, enable it only if you intend to explicitly use this information later."); 是否添加 Body Parts 的 heatmaps
DEFINE_bool(heatmaps_add_bkg, false, "Same functionality as add_heatmaps_parts, but adding the heatmap corresponding to background."); 是否添加 BKG 的 heatmaps
DEFINE_bool(heatmaps_add_PAFs, false, "Same functionality as add_heatmaps_parts, but adding the PAFs."); 是否添加 PAFs 的 heatmaps
DEFINE_int32(heatmaps_scale, 2, "Set 0 to scale op::Datum::poseHeatMaps in the range [-1,1], 1 for [0,1]; 2 for integer rounded [0,255]; and 3 for no scaling."); heatmaps scale
DEFINE_bool(part_candidates, false, "Also enable write_json in order to save this information. If true, it will fill the op::Datum::poseCandidates array with the body part candidates. Candidates refer to all the detected body parts, before being assembled into people. Note that the number of candidates is equal or higher than the number of final body parts (i.e., after being assembled into people). The empty body parts are filled with 0s. Program speed will slightly decrease. Not required for OpenPose, enable it only if you intend to explicitly use this information."); 是否保存 Body Part Candidates

2.6 OpenPose Face

DEFINE_bool(face, false, "Enables face keypoint detection. It will share some parameters from the body pose, e.g. model_folder. Note that this will considerable slow down the performance and increse the required GPU memory. In addition, the greater number of people on the image, the slower OpenPose will be."); 是否进行 Face 关键点检测
DEFINE_string(face_net_resolution, "368x368", "Multiples of 16 and squared. Analogous to net_resolution but applied to the face keypoint detector. 320x320 usually works fine while giving a substantial speed up when multiple faces on the image."); Face 模型网络的输入分辨率

2.7 OpenPose Hand

DEFINE_bool(hand, false, "Enables hand keypoint detection. It will share some parameters from the body pose, e.g. model_folder. Analogously to --face, it will also slow down the performance, increase the required GPU memory and its speed depends on the number of people."); 是否进行 Hand 关键点检测
DEFINE_string(hand_net_resolution, "368x368", "Multiples of 16 and squared. Analogous to net_resolution but applied to the hand keypoint detector."); Hand 模型的网络输入分辨率
DEFINE_int32(hand_scale_number, 1, "Analogous to scale_number but applied to the hand keypoint detector. Our best results were found with hand_scale_number = 6 and hand_scale_range = 0.4."); 类似于 scale_number 参数，但只用于 Hand 关键点检测
DEFINE_double(hand_scale_range, 0.4, "Analogous purpose than scale_gap but applied to the hand keypoint detector. Total range between smallest and biggest scale. The scales will be centered in ratio 1. E.g., if scaleRange = 0.4 and scalesNumber = 2, then there will be 2 scales, 0.8 and 1.2."); 类似于 scale_gap 参数，但只用于 Hand 关键点检测
DEFINE_bool(hand_tracking, false, "Adding hand tracking might improve hand keypoints detection for webcam (if the frame rate is high enough, i.e., >7 FPS per GPU) and video. This is not person ID tracking, it simply looks for hands in positions at which hands were located in previous frames, but it does not guarantee the same person ID among frames."); Hand 追踪Tracking

2.8 OpenPose 3-D Reconstruction

DEFINE_bool(3d, false, "Running OpenPose 3-D reconstruction demo: 1) Reading from a stereo camera system. 2) Performing 3-D reconstruction from the multiple views. 3) Displaying 3-D reconstruction results. Note that it will only display 1 person. If multiple people is present, it will fail."); 是否进行 3D 重建Reconstruction
DEFINE_int32(3d_min_views, -1, "Minimum number of views required to reconstruct each keypoint. By default (-1), it will require all the cameras to see the keypoint in order to reconstruct it."); 重构每个关键点所需的最小视角Views 数
DEFINE_int32(3d_views, 1, "Complementary option to --image_dir or --video. OpenPose will read as many images per iteration, allowing tasks such as stereo camera processing (--3d). Note that --camera_parameters_folder must be set. OpenPose must find as many xml files in the parameter folder as this number indicates."); 3D 视角Videos

2.9 Extra algorithms

DEFINE_bool(identification, false, "Experimental, not available yet. Whether to enable people identification across frames."); 是否跨帧 Person Identification(暂不可用)
DEFINE_int32(tracking, -1, "Experimental, not available yet. Whether to enable people tracking across frames. The value indicates the number of frames where tracking is run between each OpenPose keypoint detection. Select -1 (default) to disable it or 0 to run simultaneously OpenPose keypoint detector and tracking for potentially higher accurary than only OpenPose."); 是否跨帧 Person Tracking(暂不可用)
DEFINE_int32(ik_threads, 0, "Experimental, not available yet. Whether to enable inverse kinematics (IK) from 3-D keypoints to obtain 3-D joint angles. By default (0 threads), it is disabled. Increasing the number of threads will increase the speed but also the global system latency."); 是否可以 inverse kinematics (暂不可用)

2.10 OpenPose Rendering

DEFINE_int32(part_to_show, 0, "Prediction channel to visualize (default: 0). 0 for all the body parts, 1-18 for each body part heat map, 19 for the background heat map, 20 for all the body part heat maps together, 21 for all the PAFs, 22-40 for each body part pair PAF."); 可视化显示的 Body Parts
DEFINE_bool(disable_blending, false, "If enabled, it will render the results (keypoint skeletons or heatmaps) on a black background, instead of being rendered into the original image. Related: part_to_show, alpha_pose, and alpha_pose."); 是否渲染可视化输出结果

2.11 OpenPose Rendering Pose

DEFINE_double(render_threshold, 0.05, "Only estimated keypoints whose score confidences are higher than this threshold will be rendered. Generally, a high threshold (> 0.5) will only render very clear body parts; while small thresholds (~0.1) will also output guessed and occluded keypoints, but also more false positives (i.e., wrong detections)."); 渲染阈值，只有估计关键的置信度大于阈值的才进行渲染
DEFINE_int32(render_pose, -1, "Set to 0 for no rendering, 1 for CPU rendering (slightly faster), and 2 for GPU rendering (slower but greater functionality, e.g., alpha_X flags). If -1, it will pick CPU if CPU_ONLY is enabled, or GPU if CUDA is enabled. If rendering is enabled, it will render both outputData and cvOutputData with the original image and desired body part to be shown (i.e., keypoints, heat maps or PAFs)."); 渲染姿态，0 - no rendering, 1 - CPU rendering，2 - GPU rendering
DEFINE_double(alpha_pose, 0.6, "Blending factor (range 0-1) for the body part rendering. 1 will show it completely, 0 will hide it. Only valid for GPU rendering."); Body Part rendering 的渲染因子, 只可用于 GPU rendering
DEFINE_double(alpha_heatmap, 0.7, "Blending factor (range 0-1) between heatmap and original frame. 1 will only show the heatmap, 0 will only show the frame. Only valid for GPU rendering."); heatmaps 和原始帧图像的渲染因子， GPU rendering

2.12 OpenPose Rendering Face

DEFINE_double(face_render_threshold, 0.4, "Analogous to render_threshold, but applied to the face keypoints."); 类似于 render_threshold，但用于 Face 关键点
DEFINE_int32(face_render, -1, "Analogous to render_pose but applied to the face. Extra option: -1 to use the same configuration that render_pose is using."); 类似于 render_pose，但用于 Face 关键点
DEFINE_double(face_alpha_pose, 0.6, "Analogous to alpha_pose but applied to face."); 类似于 alpha_pose，但用于 Face 关键点
DEFINE_double(face_alpha_heatmap, 0.7, "Analogous to alpha_heatmap but applied to face."); 类似于 alpha_heatmap，但用于 Face 关键点

2.13 OpenPose Rendering Hand

DEFINE_double(hand_render_threshold, 0.2, "Analogous to render_threshold, but applied to the hand keypoints."); 类似于 render_threshold，但用于 Hand 关键点
DEFINE_int32(hand_render, -1, "Analogous to render_pose but applied to the hand. Extra option: -1 to use the same configuration that render_pose is using."); 类似于 render_pose，但用于 Hand 关键点
DEFINE_double(hand_alpha_pose, 0.6, "Analogous to alpha_pose but applied to hand."); 类似于 alpha_pose，但用于 Hand 关键点**
DEFINE_double(hand_alpha_heatmap, 0.7, "Analogous to alpha_heatmap but applied to hand."); 类似于 alpha_heatmap，但用于 Hand 关键点

2.14 Display

DEFINE_bool(fullscreen, false, "Run in full-screen mode (press f during runtime to toggle)."); 是否全屏显示
DEFINE_bool(no_gui_verbose, false, "Do not write text on output images on GUI (e.g., number of current frame and people). It does not affect the pose rendering."); 是否在 GUI 输出图像上写入文本
DEFINE_int32(display, -1, "Display mode: -1 for automatic selection; 0 for no display (useful if there is no X server and/or to slightly speed up the processing if visual output is not required); 2 for 2-D display; 3 for 3-D display (if --3d enabled); and 1 for both 2-D and 3-D display."); 显示模式，-1 - 自动选择，0 - 不显示，2 - 2D 显示，3 - 3D 显示， 1 - 2D 和 3D 显示

2.15 Command Line Inteface Verbose

DEFINE_double(cli_verbose, -1.f, "If -1, it will be disabled (default). If it is a positive integer number, it will print on the command line every verbose frames. If number in the range (0,1), it will print the progress every verbose times the total of frames.");

2.16 Result Saving

DEFINE_string(write_images, "", "Directory to write rendered frames in write_images_format image format."); 渲染图像帧的保存路径
DEFINE_string(write_images_format, "png", "File extension and format for write_images, e.g., png, jpg or bmp. Check the OpenCV function cv::imwrite for all compatible extensions."); 渲染图像帧的保存格式
DEFINE_string(write_video, "", "Full file path to write rendered frames in motion JPEG video format. It might fail if the final path does not finish in .avi. It internally uses cv::VideoWriter. Flag write_video_fps controls FPS."); 渲染帧的写入 JPEG video 格式的完整文件路径
DEFINE_double(write_video_fps, -1., "Frame rate for the recorded video. By default, it will try to get the input frames producer frame rate (e.g., input video or webcam frame rate). If the input frames producer does not have a set FPS (e.g., image_dir or webcam if OpenCV not compiled with its support), set this value accordingly (e.g., to the frame rate displayed by the OpenPose GUI)."); Video 帧记录的帧速率
DEFINE_string(write_json, "", "Directory to write OpenPose output in JSON format. It includes body, hand, and face pose keypoints (2-D and 3-D), as well as pose candidates (if --part_candidates enabled)."); 输出结果保存为 JSON 格式文件的路径
DEFINE_string(write_coco_json, "", "Full file path to write people pose data with JSON COCO validation format."); 以 COCO Validation 的 JSON 格式保存 people pose 数据的完整文件路径
DEFINE_string(write_coco_foot_json, "", "Full file path to write people foot pose data with JSON COCO validation format."); 以 COCO Validation 的 JSON 格式保存 people foot pose 数据的完整文件路径
DEFINE_int32(write_coco_json_variant, 0, "Currently, this option is experimental and only makes effect on car JSON generation. It selects the COCO variant for cocoJsonSaver."); cocoJsonSaver 的 COCO 变形
DEFINE_string(write_heatmaps, "", "Directory to write body pose heatmaps in PNG format. At least 1 add_heatmaps_X flag must be enabled."); Body Pose Heatmaps 写入为 PNG 格式的保存路径
DEFINE_string(write_heatmaps_format, "png", "File extension and format for write_heatmaps, analogous to write_images_format. For lossless compression, recommended png for integer heatmaps_scale and float for floating values."); 保存 heatmaps 结果的文件格式
DEFINE_string(write_keypoint, "", "(Deprecated, use write_json) Directory to write the people pose keypoint data. Set format with write_keypoint_format."); [已废弃]
DEFINE_string(write_keypoint_format, "yml", "(Deprecated, use write_json) File extension and format for write_keypoint: json, xml, yaml & yml. Json not available for OpenCV < 3.0, use write_json instead."); [已废弃]

2.17 Result Saving - Extra Algorithms

DEFINE_string(write_video_adam, "", "Experimental, not available yet. E.g., ~/Desktop/adamResult.avi. Flag write_video_fps controls FPS.");
DEFINE_string(write_bvh, "", "Experimental, not available yet. E.g., ~/Desktop/mocapResult.bvh.");

2.18 UDP Communication

DEFINE_string(udp_host, "", "Experimental, not available yet. IP for UDP communication. E.g., 192.168.0.1.");
DEFINE_string(udp_port, "8051", "Experimental, not available yet. Port number for UDP communication.");

1. 部分关键参数

2. 参数说明

2.1 Debugging/Other

2.2 Producer

2.3 OpenPose

2.4 OpenPose Body Pose

2.5 OpenPose Body Pose Heatmaps and Part Candidates

2.6 OpenPose Face

2.7 OpenPose Hand

2.8 OpenPose 3-D Reconstruction

2.9 Extra algorithms

2.10 OpenPose Rendering

2.11 OpenPose Rendering Pose

2.12 OpenPose Rendering Face

2.13 OpenPose Rendering Hand

2.14 Display

2.15 Command Line Inteface Verbose

2.16 Result Saving

2.17 Result Saving - Extra Algorithms

2.18 UDP Communication

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